Lower Respiratory Tract Infection (LRTI) is an infection affecting the airways and lungs below the voice box, including the bronchi and alveoli. It is most commonly caused by viruses (e.g., influenza, RSV) or bacteria (e.g., Streptococcus pneumoniae), but can also be caused by fungi or parasites. LRTI affects individuals of all ages, but is particularly severe in young children, the elderly, and those with weakened immune systems, being a leading cause of global morbidity and mortality.
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Respiratory infections have plagued humanity throughout history, with major outbreaks causing significant mortality for centuries. The specific bacterial and viral agents causing LRTIs, such as *Streptococcus pneumoniae*, were identified in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, paving the way for targeted treatments. The development of antibiotics in the mid-20th century dramatically reduced deaths from bacterial LRTIs, and subsequent vaccine introductions have further transformed prevention.
Lower Respiratory Tract Infections primarily spread through respiratory droplets released when an infected person coughs, sneezes, or talks. These droplets can be inhaled by close contacts or land on surfaces, which, if touched and followed by touching the eyes, nose, or mouth, can lead to infection. The ease of transmission varies by pathogen, with some viruses like influenza being highly contagious through airborne particles as well.
Contagious Period: Varies by disease
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We are providing an unedited version of this manuscript to give early access to its findings. Before final publication, the manuscript will undergo further editing. Please note there may be errors present which affect the content, and all legal disclaimers apply. Seasonal respiratory viral infections are the major cause of increased pressure on national health systems such as the UK's national health service (NHS) during winter months. Emergency departments and hospitals are full as increasing numbers of patients require hospitalisation for lower respiratory tract infections and exacerbations of COPD, asthma, and other respiratory conditions. These winter pressures are largely predictable. Forecasting models give healthcare managers the chance to mitigate winter pressures by allocating res...
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View WHO Resources →Disease information on Virus Watcher is reviewed by our Chief Epidemiologist, a former CDC lead analyst for FluSight forecasting. Outbreak data is aggregated from verified sources including BEACON, ProMED, WHO, CDC, and 50+ national health agencies. This information is for educational purposes and should not replace professional medical advice.
Last reviewed: 2026-06-03
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