Scombroid Fish Poisoning

1 Active Outbreak

Scombroid Fish Poisoning is a foodborne illness caused by consuming certain fish containing high levels of histamine and other biogenic amines. These compounds form when fish are improperly stored or refrigerated, allowing bacterial decomposition. It is not an infection but a chemical intoxication that can affect anyone who eats contaminated fish.

1
Countries Affected
229
Recent Cases (30d)
1
Active Outbreaks
54d ago
Last Updated
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What is Scombroid Fish Poisoning?

Scombroid poisoning has been recognized for centuries, often misidentified as an 'allergic' reaction to fish. The understanding of its chemical basis, specifically the formation of histamine by bacterial decomposition in improperly stored fish, solidified in the mid-20th century. It remains one of the most frequently reported seafood intoxications globally.

Symptoms

  • Flushing (especially of face and neck)
  • Headache
  • Palpitations or rapid heartbeat
  • Dizziness
  • Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal cramps
  • Burning or peppery taste in the mouth/throat
  • Rash, hives, or itching

Transmission

Scombroid Fish Poisoning is transmitted solely through the ingestion of fish that has been improperly stored or handled after being caught. Naturally occurring bacteria on the fish, particularly common on species like tuna, mackerel, and mahi-mahi, convert a naturally present amino acid (histidine) into histamine and other biogenic amines. These toxins accumulate in the fish flesh and are then ingested by humans, leading to illness.

Contagious Period: Varies by disease

Prevention

  • Refrigerate or freeze fish immediately after catch and maintain proper cold chain.
  • Store fish at or below 4°C (39°F) during transport, storage, and preparation.
  • Avoid purchasing fish that smells spoiled, has an unusual appearance, or was not kept on ice.
  • Be aware that cooking, smoking, or freezing does not destroy the histamine toxin once it has formed.

Active Outbreaks & Recent Cases

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Philippines: Mackerel Tuna Sickens Dozens with Scombroid

Philippines 2026-04-09
Active

This event envelope includes reports on scombroid fish poisonings in the Philippines.

Source: BEACON - View Full Report

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Expert Resources & References

Trusted information from leading health organizations

CDC

Official guidance from the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

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WHO

Global disease surveillance and guidelines from the World Health Organization

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Research

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Medically Reviewed Content

Disease information on Virus Watcher is reviewed by our Chief Epidemiologist, a former CDC lead analyst for FluSight forecasting. Outbreak data is aggregated from verified sources including BEACON, ProMED, WHO, CDC, and 50+ national health agencies. This information is for educational purposes and should not replace professional medical advice.

Last reviewed: 2026-06-03

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