Smallpox

9 Active Outbreaks

Smallpox was a highly contagious, serious viral disease caused by the Variola virus. It historically affected humans worldwide, leading to disfiguring scars and often death, before its global eradication.

4
Countries Affected
132
Recent Cases (30d)
9
Active Outbreaks
28d ago
Last Updated
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What is Smallpox?

Smallpox has existed for thousands of years, causing devastating epidemics throughout human history. Edward Jenner developed the first effective vaccine against smallpox in 1796, laying the foundation for modern vaccinology. Through a massive global vaccination effort led by the World Health Organization (WHO), smallpox was officially declared eradicated worldwide in 1980, making it the first human disease to be eliminated.

Symptoms

  • Prodrome: Sudden onset of high fever, body aches, headache, and sometimes vomiting, lasting 2-4 days.
  • Rash: A distinctive rash appearing first on the face and extremities, progressing from small red spots to fluid-filled bumps, then deep-seated, firm, pus-filled pustules.
  • Scabs: Pustules eventually crust over, forming scabs that fall off after about 3-4 weeks, leaving pitted scars. All lesions on any one part of the body were typically at the same stage of development.

Transmission

Smallpox primarily spread from person to person through prolonged, direct face-to-face contact via respiratory droplets from an infected individual's coughs or sneezes. It could also spread through direct contact with infected skin lesions or scabs, and less commonly, via contaminated materials like bedding and clothing.

Contagious Period: Varies by disease

Prevention

  • Vaccination: The highly effective smallpox vaccine was the cornerstone of its eradication, providing long-term immunity.
  • Isolation & Quarantine: Rapid isolation of infected individuals and quarantine of their contacts were crucial during outbreaks to prevent further spread.
  • Global vaccination campaigns were instrumental in eliminating the disease.

Active Outbreaks & Recent Cases

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From infectious diseases to cervical cancer, vaccination holds the key

United States, Alaska 2026-05-06
Active

As we celebrated immunisation week in the last week of April, there is a need to talk about the tremendous progress the country has made since the time Anna Dusthall, a three-year-old child from Mumbai became the first person in India to receive smallpox vaccine on June 14, 1802; to post-Independence India, when in 1948, the BCG vaccine laboratory was set up at the King Institute, Guindy, Chennai and other national institutes and a number of private vaccine manufacturers came up; to 30 years late

📰 13 news sources reporting on this story.

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Tsiaras: Misunderstanding with the Commission's letter on agricultural subsidies - Farmers should not hide smallpox cases - ProtoThema English

Greece 2025-09-20
Active

The deadline expired on September 11 and we got an extension of six months, because the political decision to transfer the integration of OPEKEPE to ADEA has been made and the European Commission must monitor all these steps, explained the Minister of Rural Development

A "huge misunderstanding" regarding the Commission's letter on agricultural subsidies was raised on Friday morning by the Minister of Rural Development, Kostas Tsiaras, who urged farmers not to conceal cases of smallpox in sheep.

"Obviously, we are hearing things that have nothing to do with the process we have followed so far, to consolidate OPEKEPE, on the one hand, and to meet the requirements set by the European Commission, on the other hand, so that there are no fines for any reason whatsoever. The deadline expired on...
Read More: https://en.protothema.gr/2025/09/19/tsiaras-misunderstanding-with-the-commissions-letter-on-agricultural-subsidies-farmers-should-not-hide-smallpox-cases/

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Greece proposes new measures to control sheep pox

Greece 2025-11-22
Active

The Rural Development and Food Ministry presented 20 new measures aimed at controlling sheep pox. Authorities said the proposals, developed by the National Scientific Committee for Smallpox Management and Control, include updating the sanctions framework, relaxing restrictions ahead of the festive season and reinforcing veterinary staff. The measures also establish new certified laboratories, maintain 24-hour disinfection stations and control feed movements. Farm-level actions include appointing authorized veterinarians, compulsory farmer training and certification for the movement of animals and animal products. While regional interventions involve operating isolation and quarantine stations and ensuring early culling and burial in accordance with health regulations. The dairy industry wi...
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Smallpox in sheep and goats: 'Possible vaccination is an existential risk for feta' say officials of the Ministry of Rural Development - ProtoThema English

World, World 2025-09-18
Active

The debate on vaccination as a means of dealing with sheep has come back with a vengeance recently, as the epizootic continues to plague the Greek livestock industry.

Since August 20, 2024, when the disease first emerged, more than 275,000 sheep and goats have been killed, leaving behind a chain of...

Source: protothemanews.com - Read Full Article

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In Memoriam: William Foege and the Nigerian experiment that helped end smallpox - Businessday NG

Nigeria 2026-02-01
Active

When historians talk about the eradication of smallpox, they often start with Geneva, Washington, or New Delhi. But the turning point came earlier, and further south, in Nigeria, in the late 1960s, where a young American epidemiologist made a practical decision that reshaped global health. William H. Foege, who died on January 24 at the age of 89, was not yet a giant of public health when he arrived in northern Nigeria. He was a field doctor facing a familiar problem in post-independence Africa: too little money, too few vaccines, and a disease that moved faster than governments. Smallpox was still endemic across large parts of Nigeria at the time. The vaccine existed, but vaccinating entire populations in a vast country with weak logistics and poor cold-chain infrastructure was unrealisti...
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Anti-vaccine lies cost children's lives and more letters to the editors | Chattanooga Times Free Press

World, World 2025-09-13
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Anti-vaccine lies cost children's lives

In 1796, the smallpox vaccine (then known as cowpox vaccine) was the first vaccine to be developed against a contagious disease. The modern smallpox vaccine emerged in the 20th century. From 1958 to 1977, the World Health Organization conducted a global vacci...

Source: timesfreepress.com - Read Full Article

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Are vaccine mandates needed to achieve high vaccination rates?

World, World 2025-10-30
Active

US states have relied on vaccine mandates since the 1800s, when a smallpox vaccine offered the first successful protection against a disease that had killed millions. More than a century later, Florida's top public health official said vaccine requirements are unethical and unnecessary for high vac... Source: Al Jazeera Online - Read Full Article

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Lockdown looming for Greek sheep and goats if smallpox is not contained within the next ten days - ProtoThema English

World, World 2025-09-16
Active

Over 3% of livestock has been culled - The threat to feta cheese, the risk of further spread of the animal disease that killed 263,000 animals in 13 months - Greek sheep and goat breeds face extinction

Greek sheep and goat farming is on the brink of a lockdown, as smallpox spreads from region to re...

Source: protothemanews.com - Read Full Article

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William H. Foege, key figure in the eradication of smallpox, dies at 89 - The Boston Globe

World, World 2026-01-25
Active

Among public health professionals, Dr. Foege was almost without peer -- the grand old man of public health, a field that many feel is under siege by the Trump administration. His successors at the CDC, the nation's primary public health agency, often sought his counsel. In 2012, President Obama awar... Source: The Boston Globe - Read Full Article

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Medically Reviewed Content

Disease information on Virus Watcher is reviewed by our Chief Epidemiologist, a former CDC lead analyst for FluSight forecasting. Outbreak data is aggregated from verified sources including BEACON, ProMED, WHO, CDC, and 50+ national health agencies. This information is for educational purposes and should not replace professional medical advice.

Last reviewed: 2026-06-03

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