How serious is West Nile Virus?

About 80% have no symptoms. 20% develop West Nile fever (flu-like illness). About 1 in 150 infected people develop severe neurological disease (encephalitis/meningitis) which is fatal in 10% of cases. Survivors of severe disease often have permanent neurological damage including muscle weakness, memory problems, and fatigue that can last months to years.

What are symptoms of severe West Nile infection?

Severe symptoms include high fever, severe headache, stiff neck, disorientation/confusion, vision loss, tremors, seizures, muscle weakness, paralysis (especially acute flaccid paralysis resembling polio), or coma. These require immediate medical attention. Symptoms typically appear 3-14 days after bite from infected mosquito.

Who is at highest risk for severe West Nile?

People over 60 are at greatest risk for severe disease. Other high-risk groups: those with cancer, diabetes, hypertension, kidney disease, organ transplant recipients, and immunocompromised individuals. Pregnancy doesn't increase severity risk, but infection can rarely transmit to fetus.

Is there a vaccine or treatment for West Nile?

No vaccine or specific antiviral treatment exists for humans (equine vaccine available for horses). Treatment is supportive care: hospitalization for severe cases, IV fluids, respiratory support, prevention of secondary infections. This makes mosquito bite prevention the only defense. Early recognition and supportive care improve outcomes.

When and where is West Nile most common?

In the U.S., peak season is July through September when mosquitoes are most active. All 48 contiguous states have reported cases, but highest activity occurs in warm, dry climates with stagnant water (California, Texas, Arizona, Louisiana). Climate change is expanding mosquito seasons and geographic range.

Can you get West Nile more than once?

Rare but possible. After infection, most people develop lifelong immunity. However, immunocompromised individuals may not develop full immunity. There are no documented cases of reinfection in immunocompetent people, but researchers continue to study long-term immunity duration.

Maryland

West Nile Virus in Maryland

West Nile Virus is showing early 2026 season activity across multiple states before the typical transmission season begins. Positive mosquito pools have been confirmed in Texas (San Antonio, Frisco), Louisiana (New Orleans), and six California counties. Human cases have already been confirmed in Colorado. Peak transmission season runs July through September — and an above-average season is projected for 2026. Most infections are mild or asymptomatic, but about 1 in 150 infected people develop severe, potentially fatal brain inflammation.

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What is West Nile Virus?

West Nile Virus arrived in the U.S. in 1999 and has since become the leading mosquito-borne disease in the country. It's transmitted by Culex mosquitoes that bite infected birds. While 80% of infected people have no symptoms, severe cases can cause encephalitis or meningitis with long-term neurological effects. Age over 60 significantly increases risk of severe disease.

Symptoms

Mild (West Nile fever): Fever, headache, body aches, joint pain, vomiting, diarrhea, rash
Severe: High fever, severe headache, stiff neck, disorientation, tremors, seizures
Neurological: Muscle weakness, vision loss, paralysis, coma
Long-term effects: Fatigue, memory problems, muscle weakness (can persist months/years)

Transmission

Transmitted through bites of infected Culex mosquitoes. Rarely through blood transfusion, organ transplant, mother to fetus, or breastfeeding. NOT spread person-to-person through casual contact.

Contagious Period: Not contagious person-to-person; can be in blood of infected person during illness

Prevention

Use EPA-registered insect repellents (DEET, picaridin, IR3535, oil of lemon eucalyptus)
Wear long sleeves and pants at dawn/dusk when mosquitoes most active
Install/repair window and door screens
Use air conditioning when possible
Eliminate standing water (buckets, flower pots, bird baths, gutters)
Change water in pet bowls, birdbaths weekly
Treat or drain swimming pools, fountains
Community mosquito control programs (spraying, larvicides)
Avoid outdoor activities at dawn/dusk during peak season

Maryland Health Resources

Local health department information and state-specific prevention guidance

We're Monitoring Maryland

Our AI-powered surveillance continuously monitors West Nile Virus activity across Maryland. We track data from state health departments, local hospitals, CDC reports, and 50+ global health sources to provide early warning of emerging threats.

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Maryland Health Department

For official state health alerts, vaccination locations, and public health guidance specific to Maryland, visit your state health department's website.

→ Maryland Department of Health → CDC West Nile Virus Information → CDC Health Topics

Understanding West Nile Virus: Key Questions

Whether you live in Maryland or are traveling there, knowing the symptoms, timeline, and when to seek care helps you act quickly if exposure occurs.

When to Seek Care

Seek care if you experience severe dehydration, bloody stools, high fever, or symptoms lasting more than 3 days. Children under 5, adults over 65, and immunocompromised individuals should seek care earlier.

Emergency symptoms: Severe dehydration, inability to keep fluids down for 12 or more hours, or neurological symptoms require emergency care.

Expert Resources & References

Trusted information from leading health organizations

CDC

Official guidance from the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

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WHO

Global disease surveillance and guidelines from the World Health Organization

View WHO Resources →

Research

Latest peer-reviewed research and clinical studies

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Medically Reviewed Content

Disease information on Virus Watcher is reviewed by our Chief Epidemiologist, a former CDC lead analyst for FluSight forecasting. Outbreak data is aggregated from verified sources including BEACON, ProMED, WHO, CDC, and 50+ national health agencies. This information is for educational purposes and should not replace professional medical advice.

Last reviewed: 2026-09-01

Recent West Nile Virus Reports

No confirmed cases reported in Maryland yet. Here are the latest West Nile Virus reports from our global surveillance network.

Americans are being urged to protect themselves from mosquito bites as deaths from the West Nile virus climb nationwide. Public health authorities in Los Angeles County reported the area's first fatality linked to West Nile virus of the year this week, alongside a broader spike …

United States · Alaska · 2026-08-22

A New Yorker has contracted the dangerous West Nile virus -- the first reported human case in the city this year, health officials revealed Wednesday. The unidentified city dweller fell ill with the mosquito-borne disease after spending time outdoors around the city, and in seve…

United States · Alaska · 2026-08-20

Greece and Italy are reporting the highest West Nile virus activity in Europe this season. The spread of West Nile virus -- a mosquito-borne disease transmitted primarily by infected mosquitoes -- in Greece is showing an upward trend, according to the National Public Health Orga…

Greece · 2026-08-12

Cases of West Nile virus have been reported in 32 states this year as the mosquito-borne disease continues to infect people during the peak summer months, according to recent data from the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). As of August 18, the CDC's ArboNET …

United States · Alaska · 2026-08-19

Cases of the mosquito-borne West Nile disease are rising quickly in California this year, with 30 people sickened so far, nearly triple the five-year average for the same time period, according to the California Department of Public Health. So far, three people have died from th…

United States · Alaska · 2026-08-18

Holidaymakers heading to Spain have been warned to take precautions after the country's first death this year from a virus - with experts fearing the disease could spread to more hotspots. An 82-year-old man from Dos Hermanas, near Seville, has become Spain's first confirmed fat…

United States · Alaska · 2026-08-10

West Nile virus is most commonly spread through mosquitoes and symptoms can range from non-existent to severe.Getty Summer isn't over yet -- and neither is mosquito season, which means you still have a very real chance of catching West Nile virus. In fact, every year, cases of t…

United States · Alaska · 2026-08-12

Add Yahoo as a preferred source to see more of our stories on Google. The epidemiological picture of the West Nile virus in Greece has deteriorated significantly over the summer of 2026, with the National Public Health Organization of Greece (EODY) recording dozens of new cases …

Greece · 2026-08-16

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Frequently Asked Questions

Common questions about West Nile Virus answered by our epidemiology team

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