What causes pneumonia?

Pneumonia can be caused by bacteria (most common: Streptococcus pneumoniae), viruses (influenza, RSV, COVID-19), or fungi. Community-acquired pneumonia is caught outside healthcare settings, while hospital-acquired pneumonia develops 48+ hours after hospital admission and tends to be more serious due to antibiotic-resistant bacteria.

How do I know if I have pneumonia vs. a cold or flu?

Pneumonia symptoms are more severe and persistent than a cold. Key differences: high fever with shaking chills, sharp chest pain that worsens with deep breathing or coughing, shortness of breath even at rest, cough producing thick mucus (green, yellow, or bloody), and extreme fatigue. If symptoms worsen after initial improvement, see a doctor immediately.

Is pneumonia contagious?

Yes, most types of bacterial and viral pneumonia are contagious through respiratory droplets. However, not everyone exposed will develop pneumonia—it depends on the specific pathogen and the person's immune system. Walking pneumonia (caused by Mycoplasma) is less severe but highly contagious.

Who should get the pneumonia vaccine?

CDC recommends pneumococcal vaccines for: all adults 65+, children under 5, people 6-64 with certain chronic conditions (diabetes, heart/lung disease, weakened immune systems), and smokers. There are two types: PCV (Prevnar) and PPSV23 (Pneumovax). Many adults need both vaccines for complete protection.

How is pneumonia treated?

Treatment depends on the cause. Bacterial pneumonia requires antibiotics, viral pneumonia may need antiviral medications, and fungal pneumonia requires antifungal medications. Mild cases can be treated at home with rest, fluids, and fever reducers. Severe cases require hospitalization with IV antibiotics, oxygen therapy, or breathing support.

When is pneumonia a medical emergency?

Seek emergency care for: difficulty breathing or shortness of breath, chest pain, bluish lips or fingernails, confusion or altered mental state, high fever (over 102°F) not responding to medication, coughing up blood, rapid heartbeat, or symptoms in high-risk individuals (infants, elderly, immunocompromised).

Pneumonia

Pneumonia is an infection that inflames the air sacs in one or both lungs, which may fill with fluid or pus. It can range from mild to life-threatening and is most serious for infants, young children, adults over 65, and people with weakened immune systems.

Countries Affected

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Recent Cases (30d)

Active Outbreaks

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Last Updated

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What is Pneumonia?

Pneumonia kills more children worldwide than any other infectious disease. It can be caused by bacteria, viruses, or fungi. While anyone can get pneumonia, it's particularly dangerous for certain groups. Vaccines can prevent some of the most common and dangerous types of pneumonia, making prevention key.

Symptoms

High fever, sweating, and shaking chills
Cough producing phlegm (green, yellow, or bloody)
Sharp or stabbing chest pain (worse with breathing or coughing)
Shortness of breath and rapid breathing
Extreme fatigue and low energy
Nausea, vomiting, or diarrhea
Confusion or changes in mental awareness (especially in elderly)
Lower than normal body temperature (in elderly or immunocompromised)

Transmission

Pneumonia-causing germs spread through respiratory droplets from coughing or sneezing, touching contaminated surfaces, or aspiration (inhaling food, drink, or saliva into the lungs). Can develop after viral infections like flu or COVID-19.

Contagious Period: Varies by cause; bacterial pneumonia is contagious while antibiotics haven't taken effect (24-48 hours after starting treatment); viral pneumonia can be contagious for several days to weeks

Prevention

Pneumococcal vaccines (PCV13/PCV15/PCV20 and PPSV23)
Annual flu vaccine (prevents flu-related pneumonia)
COVID-19 vaccination
Hand hygiene (wash frequently with soap and water)
Don't smoke and avoid secondhand smoke
Practice good health habits (adequate sleep, healthy diet, exercise)
Avoid close contact with people who are sick
Clean and disinfect frequently touched surfaces
Manage chronic conditions (diabetes, asthma, heart disease)

Active Outbreaks & Recent Cases

Real-time intelligence from global health monitoring and AI-powered surveillance

Data sources: BEACON, ProMED, WHO, CDC, and 50+ national health agencies

No Active Outbreaks Detected

Our AI-powered surveillance hasn't detected significant Pneumonia activity in the past 30 days.

Real-time monitoring continues 24/7 across BEACON, ProMED, WHO, CDC, and 50+ global health agencies

What This Means

Currently, Pneumonia case counts are within baseline expectations globally. However, diseases can emerge rapidly, which is why continuous monitoring is critical.

Stay Prepared

Download the Virus Watcher app to get instant alerts if Pneumonia activity increases in your region or travel destinations.

Prevention Remains Important

Even without active outbreaks, understanding Pneumonia prevention helps protect you and your community:

Pneumococcal vaccines (PCV13/PCV15/PCV20 and PPSV23)
Annual flu vaccine (prevents flu-related pneumonia)
COVID-19 vaccination
Hand hygiene (wash frequently with soap and water)
Don't smoke and avoid secondhand smoke
Practice good health habits (adequate sleep, healthy diet, exercise)
Avoid close contact with people who are sick
Clean and disinfect frequently touched surfaces
Manage chronic conditions (diabetes, asthma, heart disease)

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Expert Resources & References

Trusted information from leading health organizations

CDC

Official guidance from the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

View CDC Resources →

WHO

Global disease surveillance and guidelines from the World Health Organization

View WHO Resources →

Research

Latest peer-reviewed research and clinical studies

View Research →

Medically Reviewed Content

Disease information on Virus Watcher is reviewed by our Chief Epidemiologist, a former CDC lead analyst for FluSight forecasting. Outbreak data is aggregated from verified sources including BEACON, ProMED, WHO, CDC, and 50+ national health agencies. This information is for educational purposes and should not replace professional medical advice.

Last reviewed: 2026-03-05

Frequently Asked Questions

Common questions about Pneumonia answered by our epidemiology team

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